Evaluaciones económicas de intervenciones dirigidas a la prevención, tratamiento y/o rehabilitación de trastornos por consumo de alcohol: Una revisión sistemática

Marta Trapero-Bertran, Dolors Gil-Doménech, Ana Magdalena Vargas-Martínez

Resumen


El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática de la literatura es identificar evaluaciones económicas de programas o intervenciones dirigidas a la prevención, tratamiento y rehabilitación de trastornos por consumo de alcohol, así como determinar aquellos tipos de programas, tratamientos o intervenciones que son eficientes. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura mediante la búsqueda en las siguientes bases de datos: National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED), Health Technology Assessment (HTA), MEDLINE Ovid and PubMed. Los términos de búsqueda utilizados fueron en inglés. No se aplicó ninguna restricción de tiempo. Se utilizó un formulario de extracción de datos para resumir la información. La revisión sistemática siguió las recomendaciones (PRISMA-P) sobre la presentación de informes de revisiones sistemáticas. Las intervenciones fueron clasificadas en tres categorías: «A» tratamientos para personas con trastornos por consumo de alcohol (prevención terciaria); «B» tratamientos para personas en riesgo de problemas relacionados con el alcohol (prevención secundaria); «C» legislación sobre políticas e intervenciones de aplicación (prevención terciaria). Además, las intervenciones «A» fueron subclasificadas en intervenciones psicológicas, farmacológicas y combinadas. Se incluyeron 63 documentos. En términos de tratamientos para personas con trastornos por uso de alcohol, cualquier intervención psicosocial en comparación con ninguna intervención parece ser una estrategia dominante. En términos de tratamientos para personas en riesgo de problemas relacionados con el alcohol, la intervención breve parece ser dominante o rentable en comparación con no hacer nada. Los controles publicitarios, las subidas de impuestos, las licencias, la edad legal para consumir alcohol y las campañas en los medios de comunicación parecen ser una estrategia dominante o rentable en comparación con ninguna intervención o prueba aleatoria de alcoholemia. Se han ampliado las revisiones anteriores al mostrar los programas de alcohol según criterios de eficiencia. A pesar de ello, los estudios disponibles al respecto tienen enfoques heterogéneos y la mayoría no define adecuadamente los costes incluidos en su análisis. Por tanto, es necesario continuar evaluando en términos de eficiencia este tipo de intervenciones para informar mejor la toma de decisiones en salud pública.


Palabras clave


alcohol; revisión sistemática; eficiencia; coste-efectividad; clasificación intervenciones

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Referencias


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.1649

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