Regulating gambling to prevent addiction: more necessary now than ever
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.820Keywords:
Gambling Addiction, Prevention, Gambling Regulation, Gambling Disorder, Responsible Gambling.Abstract
The American Psychiatric Association published the 5th Edition of DSM in May 2013, in which the gambling disorder is included within the category of addictive disorders -a long-standing and recurrent demand from the clinical, social and scientific fields. Nevertheless, the harmful effects of gambling have not been considered by the Government, which is the main area of addiction prevention.The present article is a proposal for the regulation of gambling by the Government through the different levels of the State (national, regional and even local), which has the ultimate goal of preventing gambling addiction. This proposal has been presented to the Chamber of Deputies of the Congress, as part of the Congress-Senate Joint Committee for the Study of Drug Problems. The proposed regulation is based on the evidence provided by scientific studies on the prevention of addiction.References
APA, American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th Edition). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Bernhard, B.J., Lucas, A.F. y Jang, D. (2006). Responsible Gaming Device Research Report. International Gaming institute. University of Nevada, Las Vegas.
Binde, P. (2009). Exploring the impact of gambling advertising: An interview study of problem gamblers. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 7, 541-554. doi.org/10.1007/s11469-008-9186-9
Blanco, C., Potenza, M.N., Kim, S.W., Ibáñez, A., Zaninelli, R., Saiz-Ruiz, J. y Grant, J.E. (2009). A pilot study of impulsivity and compulsivity in pathological gambling. Psychiatry Research, 15(167), 161-168. doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2008.04.023
Brooks, G., Ellis, T. y Lewis, C. (2008). Pachinko: A Japanese addiction? International Gambling Studies, 8, 193-205. doi.org/10.1080/14459790802168958
Carbonell, X. (2014). La adicción a los videojuegos en el DSM-5. Adicciones, 26, 91-95.
Chóliz, M. (2010). Experimental analysis of the game in pathological gamblers: effect of the immediacy or the reward in slot machines. Journal of Gambling Studies, 26, 249-256. doi.org/10.1007/s10899-009-9156-6
Chóliz, M. (2013). Informe sobre la legalización de las slot online y las apuestas cruzadas en España. Informe presentado a la Dirección General de Ordenación del Juego (Ministerio de Hacienda y Administraciones Públicas), marzo de 2013.
Chóliz, M. (2015). The challenge of online gambling: the effect of legalization on the increase in online gambling addiction. Journal of Gambling Addiction, junio 2015. doi:10.1007/s10899-015-9558-6
Chóliz, M. (2014a). Historia de una adicción: del vicio al Trastorno del Juego. Revista de Medicina Psicosomática y Psiquiatría de Enlace, 111, 84-88.
Chóliz, M. (2014b). Juego Ético: un compromiso en la prevención de la adicción al juego desde el ámbito político y social. Revista Española de Drogodependencias, 39, 5-9. Recuperado de: www.aesed.com/descargas/revistas/v39n4_editorial1.pdf
Clark, L. (2014). Disordered gambling: the evolving concept of behavioral addiction. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1327, 46-61. doi:10.1111/nyas.12558.
DGOJ, Dirección General de Ordenación del Juego (2015). Memoria Anual 2014. Ministerio de Hacienda. Recuperado de la web el 29 de junio de 2015 en http://www.ordenacionjuego.es/es/estudios-informes
Dickson-Gillespie, L., Rugle, L., Rosenthal, R. y Fong, T. (2008). Preventing the Incidence and Harm of Gambling Problems. Journal of Primary Prevention, 29, 37-55. doi.org/10.1007/s10935-008-0126-z
Dowling, N., Smith, D. y Thomas, T. (2005). Electronic gaming machines: Are they the ‘crack-cocaine’ of gambling? Addiction, 100, 33-45. doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.00962.x
Focal Research Consultants (2007). Assessment of the behavioural impact of responsible gaming device (RGD) features: Analysis of Nova Scotia player-card data - the Windsor trial. Informe técnico preparado para the Nova Scotia Gaming Corporation. 108
Focal Research Consultants (2010). Evaluating the Impact of the “My-Play” System in Nova Scotia: Phase 1: Regular VL Player Benchmark Survey. October 2010. http://www.nsgamingfoundation.org/uploads/Research/Technical%20Report%20Phase%201%20My-Play%20Benchmark%20Final%20%20_Focal_%20Jan% 2028%202011. pdf
Granero, R., Penelo, E., Stinchfield, R., Fernández-Aranda, F., Aymamí, N., Gómez-Peña, M., ... Jiménez-Murcia, S. (2014). Contribution of Illegal Acts to Pathological Gambling Diagnosis: DSM-5 Implications. Journal of Addictive Disorders, 33, 41-52. doi: 10.1080/10550887.2014.882730.
Griffiths, M. D. (2003). Internet gambling: Issues, concerns and recommendations. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 6, 557-568. doi.org/10.1089/109493103322725333
Griffiths, M., Parke, A., Wood, R. y Parke, J. (2006). Internet gambling: An overview of psychosocial impacts. UNLV Gaming Research & Review Journal, 10, 27-39. doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-993-9.ch033
Griffiths, M.D. (2012). Internet gambling, player protection, and social responsibility. En R.J. Williams, R.Wood y J. Parke (eds.), Routledge International Handbook of Internet Gambling (pp. 227-249). Routledge: U.K.
Grun, L. y McKeigue, P. (2000). Prevalence of excessive gambling before and after introduction of a national lottery in the United Kingdom: Another example of the single distribution theory. Addiction, 95, 959-966. doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.95695912.x
Habib, R y Dixon, M.R. (2010). Neurobehavioral evidence for the “near miss” effect in pathological gamblers. Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 93, 313-328. doi: 10.1901/jeab.2010.93-313.
Ibáñez, A., Blanco, C., Perez de Castro, I., Fernandez-Piqueras, J., y Saiz-Ruiz, J. (2003). Genetics of pathological gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 19(1), 11-22.
Jiménez-Murcia, S., Fernández-Aranda, F., Granero, R. y Menchón, J.M. (2014). Gambling in Spain: update on experience, research and policy. Addiction, 109, 1595-1601. doi: 10.1111/add.
Lobo, D.S., Aleksandrova, L., Knight, J., Casey, D.M., El-Guebaly, N., Nobrega, J.N. y Kennedy, J.L. (2014). Addiction-related genes in gambling disorders: new insights from parallel human and pre-clinical models. Molecular Psychiatry, Sep 30. doi: 10.1038/mp.2014.113.
Marlatt, G.A. y Gordon, J.R. (1980). Determinants of relapse: Implications for the maintenance of behavior change. En: P.O. Davidson y S.M. Davidson (eds), Behavioral Medicine: Changing Health Lifestyles (pp. 410-452). New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Marlatt, G.A., y Gordon, J.R. (1985). Relapse Prevention: Maintenance Strategies in the Treatment of Addictive Behaviors. New York: Guilford Press.
Monaghan, S. (2009). Internet gambling—Not just a fad. International Gambling Studies, 9, 1-4.
Omnifacts Bristol Research. (2007). Nova Scotia player card research project: Stage III research report.
Parke, J. Rigbye, J. y Parke, A. (2008). Cashless and card-based technologies in gambling: A review of the literature. December 2008. Commissioned by the U.K. Gambling Commission.
Parke, J. y Griffiths, M. (2007). The role of structural characteristics in gambling. En G. Smith, D. C. Hodgins y R.J. Williams (Eds.), Research and measurement issues in gambling studies (pp. 217-249). Burlington, MA: Elsevier.
Pearce, J., Mason, K., Hiscock, R. y Day, P. (2008). A national study of neighbourhood access to gambling opportunities and individual gambling behaviour. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 62, 862-868. doi.org/10.1136/jech.2007.068114
Petry, N. M. (2006a). Should the scope of addictive behaviors be broadened to include pathological gambling? Addiction, 101, 152-160. doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01593.x
Petry, N. M. (2006b). Internet gambling: An emerging concern in family practice medicine? Family Practice, 23, 421-426. doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cml005
Potenza, M. (2006). Should addictive disorders include non-substance related conditions? Addiction, 101, 142-151. doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01591.x
Productivity Commission. (2010). Gambling Inquiry Report. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.
Responsible Gambling Council (2009). Play Information and Management Systems. Responsible Gambling Council, Toronto, Ontario.
Rodríguez-Martos, A. (2007). ¿Por qué es tan difícil legislar sobre alcohol en España?. Adicciones, 19, 325-332.
Schoen, J. E., Hughes, D., Lewis, P. A. y Marmon, R. (2007). Casino City, Inc. V U.S. Department of Justice Campus access to Internet Gambling and the First Amendment. Journal of the International Academy for Case Studies, 13, 67-82.
Schrans, T., Grace, J. y Schellinck, T. (2004). 2003 NS VL responsible gaming features evaluation: Final report. Informe técnico preparado por Focal Research Consultants Ltd. para the Nova Scotia Gaming Corporation, Halifax, Nova Scotia, October 2004.
Sharpe, L. (2002). A reformulated cognitive-behavioral model of problem gambling: A biopsychosocial perspective. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 1-25. doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(00)00087-8
Storer, J., Abbott, M. y Stubbs, J. (2009). Access or adaptation? A meta-analysis of surveys of problem gambling prevalence in Australia and New Zealand with respect to concentration of electronic gaming machines. International Gambling Studies, 9, 225-244. doi.org/10.1080/14459790903257981
Thomas, A. C., Sullivan, G.B. y Allen, F.C.L. (2008). A theoretical model of EGM problem gambling: More than a cognitive escape. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, DOI 10.1007/s11469-008-9152-6
Weatherly, J.N., Sauter, J.J. y King, B.M. (2004). The “big win” and resistance to extinction when gambling. Journal of Psychology, 138, 495-504.
Welte, J.W., Barnes, G.M, Wieczorek, W.F., Tidwell, M-C, O. y Hoffman, J.H. (2007). Type of gambling and availability as risk factors for problem gambling: A Tobit regression analysis by age and gender. International Gambling Studies, 7, 183-198. doi.org/10.1080/14459790701387543.
Welte, J.W., Wieczorek, W.F., Barnes, G.M., Tidwell, M.-C. y Hoffman, J.H. (2004). The relationship of ecological and geographic factors to gambling behavior and pathology. Journal of Gambling Studies, 20, 405-423. doi.org/10.1007/s10899-004-4582-y.
Williams, R.J. (2010). Pre-Commitment as a Strategy for Minimizing Gambling-Related Harm. Informe presentado al Parlamento de Australia. Julio 2010.
Williams, R.J. (2014). Prevention of Problem Gambling: Evidence and indentified best practice. Comunicación presentada al 3th International Symposium of Excessive Gambling, Neuchätel, Febrero de 2014.
Williams, R.J., West, B. y Simpson, R. (2012). Prevention of Problem Gambling. Report prepared for the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre and the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care. October 1, 2012.
