Aplicaciones de las técnicas de neuroimagen en las conductas adictivas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.650Palabras clave:
técnicas de neuroimagen, conductas adictivas, alcoholismo, resonancia magnética cerebral, tomografía por emisión de positrones (PET), tomografía por emisión de fotón simple (SPECT)Resumen
Las técnicas de neuroimagen facilitan tanto el estudio funcional y estructural del cerebro, como la evaluación de los efectos que sobre el mismo producen los psicofármacos y las sustancias psicoactivas.Las técnicas de imagen estructural, como la tomografía cerebral y la resonancia magnética estructural, han sido utilizadas para detectar cambios en el volumen tisular de la sustancia gris y blanca, tras el consumo excesivo y prolongado de alcohol, su relación con el envejecimiento y su reversibilidad con la abstinencia continuada.Las técnicas de imagen funcional (PET, SPECT, resonancia magnética funcional y espectroscópica), permiten relacionar la actividad de algunas regiones del cerebro con la conducta. Mediante la utilización de radiofármacos, o drogas marcadas con isótopos radiactivos, se puede obtener información sobre las alteraciones funcionales de la neurotransmisión, que subyacen a determinados fenómenos como el efecto reforzador, el “craving”, la tolerancia al alcohol, la abstinencia, etc.Las nuevas técnicas de neuroimagen podrían aportar un mayor conocimiento sobre los circuítos neuro-anatómicos y neuro-químicos, que modulan los efectos emocionales, cognitivos, motivacionales y reforzadores de las sustancias psicotrópicas. Todo ello podría resultar decisivo para el desarrollo de las neurociencias y también de una nueva farmacoterapia para las conductas adictivas.Citas
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