Trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad y dependencia de sustancias depresoras. Una revisión

Autores/as

  • Constanza Daigre CAS Vall d’Hebron, Servicio de Psiquiatría. Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron-Agencia de Salud Publica de Barcelona (ASPB). CIBERSAM. Departamento de Psiquiatría y Medicina legal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Servicio de Psiquiatría Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron Passeig Vall d’Hebron, 119 – 129 08035 Barcelona
  • Antonio Terán CAD “ San Juan de Dios”. Palencia.
  • Vicente García-Vicent Unidad de Salud Mental Comunitaria de Marbella. Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria de Málaga.
  • Carlos Roncero

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.65

Palabras clave:

TDAH, adicciones, alcohol, cannabis, opiáceos

Resumen

Existe una elevada comorbilidad entre el trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) y los trastornos por uso de sustancias. Se revisala literatura sobre la prevalencia, características clínicas y tratamiento de la comorbilidad del TDAH con la dependencia de sustancias depresoras del SNC. Las prevalencias encontradas presentan amplia variabilidad (4,5% a58%). El TDAH se asocia a una mayor gravedad de la adicción, menor edadde inicio del consumo y de la adicción, mayor presencia de otros trastornospsicopatológicos y mayor cronicidad. En pacientes drogodependientes el diagnóstico es un proceso complejo por el frecuente solapamiento de síntomas. Los instrumentos de cribado se deben utilizar con precaución.El tratamiento farmacológico ha mostrado eficacia en la reducción de los síntomas del TDAH y no hay consenso respecto a su influencia sobre elconsumo. Sin embargo, los resultados se deben interpretar con cautela, porque las muestras son pequeñas. Las intervenciones psicoeducativas son relevantes, pero no se han descrito, ni estudiado sistemáticamente los resultados de este tipo de intervenciones.

Biografía del autor/a

Carlos Roncero

CAS Vall d’Hebron, Servicio de Psiquiatría. Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron-Agencia de Salud Publica de Barcelona (ASPB). CIBERSAM.Departamento de Psiquiatría y Medicina legal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.

Citas

Adler, L. A. (2008). Familial transmission of ADHD and psychoactive substance use disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 11-12. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07101614.

Arias, A. J., Gelernter, J., Chan, G., Weiss, R. D., Brady, K. T., Farrer, L.

& Kranzler, H. R. (2008). Correlates of co-occurring ADHD in drug-dependent subjects: Prevalence and features of substance dependence and psychiatric disorders. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 199-1207. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.05.003.

Babcock, Q. & Byrne, T. (2000). Student perceptions of methylphenidate

abuse at a public liberal arts college. Journal of American College Health : J of ACH, 49, 143-145. doi:10.1080/07448480009596296.

Barkley RA. (Ed.). (1990). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Handbook for diagnosis and treatment. new york, NY: Guilford press.

Barkley, R. A. (2002). Major life activity and health outcomes associated

with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63 Suppl 12, 10-15.

Bernfort, L., Nordfeldt, S. & Persson, J. (2008). ADHD from a socioeconomic perspective. Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway:1992), 97,

-245. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00611.x.

Biederman, J., Faraone, S., Milberger, S., Curtis, S., Chen, L., Marrs, A., Spencer, T. (1996). Predictors of persistence and remission of ADHD

into adolescence: Results from a four-year prospective follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 343-351. doi:10.1097/00004583-199603000-00016.

Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Spencer, T., Wilens, T., Norman, D., Lapey, K.A., ... Doyle, A. (1993). Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity, cognition,

and psychosocial functioning in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1792-1798.

Biederman, J., Wilens, T. E., Mick, E., Faraone, S. V. & Spencer, T. (1998). Does attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder impact the developmental course of drug and alcohol abuse and dependence? Biological Psychiatry, 44, 269-273.

Bobes, J. y Calafat, A. (2010). Monografía. Cannabis. Accessed: http://www. socidrogalcohol.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=27&Itemid=4

Bosch, R., Ramos-Quiroga, J.A., Nogueira, M., Gómez N., Corrales, M.,

Palomar, G., Valero S. & Casas, M. (2009, Mayo). Spanish validation of the Adult ADHD Rating Scale: relevance of subtypes. Póster presentado en conferencia 156 American Psychiatry Association Annual Meeting , San Francisco.

Brooner, R. K., King, V. L., Kidorf, M., Schmidt, C. W., J. & Bigelow, G. E. (1997). Psychiatric and substance use comorbidity among treatment-seeking opioid abusers. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 71-80.

Carpentier, P. J., van Gogh, M. T., Knapen, L. J., Buitelaar, J. K. & De Jong,

C. A. (2010). Influence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder on opioid dependence severity and psychiatric comorbidity in chronic methadone-maintained patients. European

Addiction Research, 17, 10-20. doi:10.1159/00032 1259.

Castaneda, R., Levy, R., Hardy, M. & Trujillo, M. (2000). Long-acting

stimulants for the treatment of attention-deficit disorder in cocaine-dependent adults. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 51, 169-171.

Charach, A., Yeung, E., Climans, T. & Lillie, E. (2011). Childhood attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder and future substance use disorders:

Comparative meta-analyses. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(1), 9-21. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.09.019.

Clure, C., Brady, K. T., Saladin, M. E., Johnson, D., Waid, R. & Rittenbury,

M. (1999). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use: Symptom pattern and drug choice. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 25(3), 441-448.

Corkum, P., Davidson, F. & Macpherson, M. (2011). A framework for the assessment and treatment of sleep problems in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 58(3), 667-683. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2011.03.004.

Daigre, C., Ramos-Quiroga, J. A., Valero, S., Bosch, R., Roncero, C.,

Gonzalvo, B., Nogueira, M. & Casas M. (2009). Adult ADHD self-report

scale (ASRS-v1.1) symptom checklist in patients with substance use

disorders. Actas Españolas de Psiquiatria, 37, 299-305.

Daigre, C., Roncero, C., Grau-López, L., Martínez-Luna, N., Prat, G., Valero, S., Tejedor, R., Ramos-Quiroga, J.A. & Casas M. (In press). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in cocaine-dependent adults: A

psychiatric comorbidity analysis. American Journal on Addiction.

Davids, E., von Bunau, U., Specka, M., Fischer, B., Scherbaum, N. &

Gastpar, M. (2005). History of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and opioid dependence: A controlled study. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 29, 291-296. oi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.11.014

DSM III, American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Manual diagnóstico y

estadístico de los trastornos mentales (3 ª ed.).

DSM-IV-TR, Asociación Estadounidense de Psiquiatría. (2000). Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales (4 ª ed., Texto rev.).

Ehrenreich, H., Rinn, T., Kunert, H. J., Moeller, M. R., Poser, W., Schilling,

L., Hoehe, M. R. (1999). Specific attentional dysfunction in adults following early start of cannabis use. Psychopharmacology, 142, 295-301.

Ercan, E. S., Coskunol, H., Varan, A. & Toksoz, K. (2003). Childhood

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and alcohol dependence: A 1-year follow-up. Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire), 38, 352-356.

Faraone, S. V., Wilens, T. E., Petty, C., Antshel, K., Spencer, T. & Biederman, J. (2007). Substance use among ADHD adults: Implications

of late onset and subthreshold diagnoses. The American Journal on Addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions, 16 Suppl 1, 24-32; quiz 33-4.doi:10.1080/10550490601082767.

Fayyad, J., De Graaf, R., Kessler, R., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M., Demyttenaere, K., . . . Jin, R. (2007). Cross-national prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 190, 402-409.

Fergusson, D. M. & Boden, J. M. (2008). Cannabis use and adult ADHD

symptoms. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 95, 90-96. doi:10.1016/j.

drugalcdep.2007.12.012

Fischer, M., Barkley, R. A., Smallish, L. & Fletcher, K. (2002). Young adult follow-up of hyperactive children: Self-reported psychiatric disorders, comorbidity, and the role of childhood conduct problems and teen CD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 463-475.

Goksøyr, P. K. & Nøttestad, J. A. (2008). The burden of untreated ADHD among adults: The role of stimulant medication. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 342-346.

Goossensen, M. A., van de Glind, G., Carpentier, P. J., Wijsen, R. M., van

Duin, D., & Kooij, J. J. (2006). An intervention program for ADHD in patients with substance use disorders: Preliminary results of a field trial. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 30, 253-259. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2005.12.004.

Grella, C. E., Hser, Y. I., Joshi, V. & Rounds-Bryant, J. (2001). Drug

treatment outcomes for adolescents with comorbid mental and substance use disorders. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189, 384-392.

Hasin, D., Samet, S., Nunes, E., Meydan, J., Matseoane, K., & Waxman,R. (2006). Diagnosis of comorbid psychiatric disorders in substance users assessed with the Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders for DSM-IV. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 689-696. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.689

Harvey, M. A., Sellman, J. D., Porter, R. J. & Frampton, C. M. (2007).

The relationship between non-acute adolescent cannabis use and cognition. Drug and Alcohol Review, 26, 309-319.

doi:10.1080/09595230701247772.

Harwood, H. J. & Myers, T. G. (Eds.). (2004). New treatments for addiction:

Behavioral, ethical, legal, and social questions. Washington (DC):

National Academy of Sciences.

Hoban, T. F. (2004). Assessment and treatment of disturbed sleep in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 4, 307-316. doi:10.15 86/14737175.4.2.307.

Huss, M. & Lehmkuhl, U. (2002). Methylphenidate and substance abuse:

A review of pharmacology, animal, and clinical studies. Journal of

Attention Disorders, 6 Suppl 1, S65-71.

Johann, M., Bobbe, G., Putzhammer, A. & Wodarz, N. (2003). Comorbidity

of alcohol dependence with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Differences in phenotype with increased severity of the substance disorder, but not in genotype (serotonin transporter and 5-hydroxytryptamine-2c receptor). Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 27, 1527-1534. doi:10.1097/01.ALC.0000090143.00703.07.

Kalant, H. (2004). Adverse effects of cannabis on health: An update of

the literature since 1996. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology &

Biological Psychiatry, 28, 849-863. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.05.027.

Katusic, S. K., Barbaresi, W. J., Colligan, R. C., Weaver, A. L., Leibson, C.

L. & Jacobsen, S. J. (2005). Psychostimulant treatment and risk for

substance abuse among young adults with a history of attentiondeficit/

hyperactivity disorder: A population-based, birth cohort study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 15, 764-776. doi:10.1089/cap.2005.15.764.

Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., Merikangas, K. R. & Walters, E. E.

(2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV

disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617-627. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617.

Kessler, R. C., Adler, L., Barkley, R., Biederman, J., Conners, C. K., Demler, O., . . . Zaslavsky, A. M. (2006). The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the united states: Results from the national comorbidity

survey replication. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 716-723.

King, V. L., Brooner, R. K., Kidorf, M. S., Stoller, K. B. & Mirsky, A. F. (1999). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and treatment outcome

in opioid abusers entering treatment. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187, 487-495.

Klein-Schwartz, W. (2002). Abuse and toxicity of methylphenidate. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 14, 219-223.

Kollins, S. H. (2008). ADHD, substance use disorders, and psychostimulant

treatment: Current literature and treatment guidelines. J.Atten Disord., 12, 115-125. doi:10.1177/1087054707311654.

Kolpe, M. & Carlson, G. A. (2007). Influence of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder symptoms on methadone treatment outcome. The American Journal on Addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions, 16, 46-48. doi:10.1080/10601330601080073.

La Malfa, G., Lassi, S., Bertelli, M., Pallanti, S. & Albertini, G. (2008).

Detecting attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults with intellectual disability the use of conners’ adult ADHD rating scales (CAARS). Research in Developmental Disabilities, 29, 158-164.

doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2007.02.002.

Lee, S. S., Humphreys, K. L., Flory, K., Liu, R. & Glass, K. (2011). Prospective association of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

(ADHD) and substance use and abuse/dependence: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 328-341. doi:10.1016/j.

cpr.2011.01.006.

Levin, F. R., Evans, S. M. & Kleber, H. D. (1999). Practical guidelines for

the treatment of substance abusers with adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 50, 1001-1003.

Levin, F. R., Evans, S. M., Brooks, D. J., Kalbag, A. S., Garawi, F. & Nunes, E. V. (2006). Treatment of methadone-maintained patients with adult

ADHD: Double-blind comparison of methylphenidate, bupropion and placebo. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 81, 137-148.

Lundqvist, T. (2005). Cognitive consequences of cannabis use: Comparison with abuse of stimulants and heroin with regard to attention, memory and executive functions. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 81, 319-330. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2005.02.017.

McRae-Clark, A. L., Carter, R. E., Killeen, T. K., Carpenter, M. J., White, K.

G. & Brady, K. T. (2010). A placebo-controlled trial of atomoxetine in marijuana-dependent individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The American Journal on Addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions, 19, 481-489. doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2010.00076.x.

Modestin, J., Matutat, B. & Wurmle, O. (2001). Antecedents of opioid dependence and personality disorder: Attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 251, 42-47.

Ohlmeier, M. D., Peters, K., Kordon, A., Seifert, J., Wildt, B. T., Wiese,

B., . . . Schneider, U. (2007). Nicotine and alcohol dependence in

patients with comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire), 42, 539-543.

doi:10.1093/alcalc/agm069.

Ohlmeier, M. D., Peters, K., Te Wildt, B. T., Zedler, M., Ziegenbein, M.,

Wiese, B., . . . Schneider, U. (2008). Comorbidity of alcohol and substance dependence with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire), 43, 300-304. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agn014.

Blix, O., Dalteg A. & Nilsson, P. (2009). Treatment of opioid dependence

and ADHD/ADD with opioid maintenance and central stimulants. Heroin addict relat clin probl 2009; 11: 5-14.

Pedrero Perez, E. J. & Puerta Garcia, C. (2007). ASRS v.1.1., a tool for

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder screening in adults treated for addictive behaviors: Psychometric properties and estimated prevalence. Adicciones, 19, 393-407.

Perez de Los Cobos, J., Sinol, N., Puerta, C., Cantillano, V., Lopez Zurita,

C. & Trujols, J. (2010). Features and prevalence of patients with probable adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder who request treatment for cocaine use disorders. Psychiatry Research, 30,205-10. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.03.019.

Poulin, C. (2001). Medical and nonmedical stimulant use among adolescents: From sanctioned to unsanctioned use. CMAJ : Canadian

Medical Association Journal = Journal De L’Association Medicale Canadienne, 165, 1039-1044.

Plan Nacional Sobre Drogas (2009). Memoria. Ministerio de Sanidad, Política Social e Igualdad. Accessed http://www.pnsd.msc.es/Categoria2/publica/publicaciones/home.htm accedido el 2 enero 2012.

Ramos-Quiroga, J. A., Diaz-Digon, L., Comin, M., Bosch, R., Palomar, G., Chalita, J. P., Roncero C, Nogueira M, Torrens M, Casas M. (2012). Criteria and concurrent validity of adult ADHD section of the psychiatry research interview for substance and mental disorders. Journal of Attention Disorders22, 1-8. doi:,10.1177/1087054712454191

Ramos-Quiroga, J. A., Bosch, R., Richarte, V., Valero, S., Gomez-Barros, N.,Nogueira, M., . . . Casas, M. (2012). Criterion and concurrent validity

of conners adult ADHD diagnostic interview for DSM-IV (CAADID) spanish version. Revista De Psiquiatria y Salud Mental, 5(4), 229-235. doi: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2012.05.004; 10.1016/j.rpsm.2012.05.004

Riggs, P. D. (1998). Clinical approach to treatment of ADHD in adolescents with substance use disorders and conduct disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 331-332.

Rodriguez-Jimenez, R., Ponce, G., Monasor, R., Jimenez-Gimenez, M.,

Perez-Rojo, J. A., Rubio, G., . . . Palomo, T. (2001). Validation in the adult spanish population of the wender utah rating scale for the retrospective evaluation in adults of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in childhood. Revista De Neurologia, 33, 138-144.

Roncero, C. (2005). Abuso de metilfenidato y TOC. en Alvarez, E. y Gándara J. (eds.), En el día a día de la psiquiatría.(pp. 21-24). Madrid: SPA. Roncero C, Fuste G, Barral C, Rodríguez-Cintas L, Martínez-Luna

N, Eiroa-Orosa FE, Casas M, on behalf of the PROTEUS study investigators (2011). Therapeutic management and comorbidities in opiate-dependent patients undergoing a replacement therapy programme in Spain: the PROTEUS study. Heroin Add & Relat Clin Probl; 13: 5-16

Safren, S.A., sprich, S., mimiaga, M.J., surman, C., knouse, L., groves, M.,

otto, M.W. (2010). Cognitive-behavioral therapy vs relaxation with

educational support for medication-treated adults with ADHD and persistent symptoms. J. am. med. assoc. 304, 875–880.

Tims, F. M., Dennis, M. L., Hamilton, N., J Buchan, B., Diamond, G., Funk,

R. & Brantley, L. B. (2002). Characteristics and problems of 600 adolescent cannabis abusers in outpatient treatment. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 97 Suppl 1, 46-57.

Kooij, S., Boonstra, M.A., Swinkels, S. H., Bekker, E. M., de Noord, I. &

Buitelaar, J. K. (2008). Reliability, validity, and utility of instruments for self-report and informant report concerning symptoms of DHD in adult patients. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11, 445-458.

doi:10.1177/1087054707299367.

Sartor, C. E., Lynskey, M. T., Heath, A. C., Jacob, T. & True, W. (2007).

The role of childhood risk factors in initiation of alcohol use and progression to alcohol dependence. Addiction (Abingdon, England),

, 216-225. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01661.x.

Schubiner, H. (2005). Substance abuse in patients with attention-deficit

hyperactivity disorder : Therapeutic implications. CNS Drugs, 19, 643-655.

Schubiner, H., Saules, K. K., Arfken, C. L., Johanson, C. E., Schuster, C. R., Lockhart, N., . . . Pihlgren, E. (2002). Double-blind placebo-controlled

trial of methylphenidate in the treatment of adult ADHD patients with comorbid cocaine dependence. Experimental and Clinical

Psychopharmacology, 10, 286-294.

Schubiner, H., Tzelepis, A., Isaacson, J. H., Warbasse, L. H.,3rd, Zacharek,

M. & Musial, J. (1995). The dual diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance abuse: Case reports and literature review. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 56, 146-150.

Solowij, N., Stephens, R. S., Roffman, R. A., Babor, T., Kadden, R., Miller,

M., . . . Marijuana Treatment Project Research Group. (2002). Cognitive functioning of long-term heavy cannabis users seeking treatment. JAMA : The Journal of the American Medical Association, 287, 1123-1131.

Sringeri, S. K., Rajkumar, R. P., Muralidharan, K., Chandrashekar, C. R.

& Benegal, V. (2008). The association between attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder and early-onset alcohol dependence: A retrospective study. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 50, 262-265.

doi:10.4103/0019-5545.44748

Subramaniam, G. A. & Stitzer, M. A. (2009). Clinical characteristics of

treatment-seeking prescription opioid vs. heroin-using adolescents with opioid use disorder. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 101, 13-19. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.10.015.

Sullivan, M. A. & Rudnik-Levin, F. (2001). Attention deficit/hyperactivity

disorder and substance abuse. diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 931, 251-270.

Szobot, C. M. & Bukstein, O. (2008). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 17, 309-323. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2007.11.003.

Szobot, C. M., Rohde, L. A., Katz, B., Ruaro, P., Schaefer, T., Walcher, M.,

. . . Pechansky, F. (2008). A randomized crossover clinical study showing that methylphenidate-SODAS improves attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in adolescents with substance use disorder. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research.

Tuithof, M., Ten Have, M., van den Brink, W., Vollebergh, W. & de Graaf, R. (2011). The role of conduct disorder in the association between ADHD and alcohol use (disorder). results from the netherlands mental health survey and incidence study-2. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 123, 15-21. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.10.030.

van Emmerik-van Oortmerssen, K., van de Glind, G., van den Brink, W.,

Smit, F., Crunelle, C. L., Swets, M. & Schoevers, R. A. (2011). Prevalence

of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in substance use disorder patients: A meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 122, 11-19. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.007

Volkow, N. D., Ding, Y. S., Fowler, J. S., Wang, G. J., Logan, J., Gatley, J. S.,. . . Hitzemann, R. (1995). Is methylphenidate like cocaine? studies

on their pharmacokinetics and distribution in the human brain.

Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 456-463.

Vergara-Moragues, E., González-Saiz, F., Lozano-Rojas, O., Bilbao-Acedos,

I., Fernández-Calderón F., Betanzos-Espinosa, P., Verdejo-García A. & Pérez-García M. (2010). Diagnóstico del trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) en pacientes adultos con dependencia de cocaína: utilidad de los nuevos síntomas de funcionamiento ejecutivo de Barkley. Trastornos Adictivos, 12, 72-78.

Wilens, T. E. (2004). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the

substance use disorders: The nature of the relationship, subtypes at risk, and treatment issues. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 27, 283-301. doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(03)00113-8.

Wilens, T. E., Adamson, J., Monuteaux, M. C., Faraone, S. V., Schillinger,

M., Westerberg, D. & Biederman, J. (2008). Effect of prior stimulant treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on subsequent risk for cigarette smoking and alcohol and drug use disorders in adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 162, 916-921. doi:10.1001/archpedi.162.10.916.

Wilens, T. E., Adler, L. A., Weiss, M. D., Michelson, D., Ramsey, J. L., Moore, R. J., . . . Atomoxetine ADHD/SUD Study Group. (2008). Atomoxetine treatment of adults with ADHD and comorbid alcohol use disorders. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 96, 145-154. doi:10.1016/j.

drugalcdep.2008.02.009.

Wilens, T. E., Biederman, J. & Mick, E. (1998). Does ADHD affect the

course of substance abuse? findings from a sample of adults with and without ADHD. The American Journal on Addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions, 7, 156-163.

Wilens, T. E., Biederman, J. Mick, E., Faraone, S. V. & Spencer, T. (1997).

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with early onset substance use disorders. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185, 475-482.

Wilens, T. E., Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., & Gunawardene, S. (2003).

Does stimulant therapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder beget later substance abuse? A meta-analytic review of the literature. Pediatrics, 111, 179-185.

Wilens, T. E., Morrison, N. R. & Prince, J. (2011). An update on the

pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 11, 1443-1465.

doi:10.1586/ern.11.137.

Wilens, T. E. & Dodson, W. (2004). A clinical perspective of attentiondeficit/

hyperactivity disorder into adulthood. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 1301-1313.

Descargas

Publicado

2013-07-01

Número

Sección

Revisión