Enzimas del metabolismo del etanol: su posible contribución a la predisposición genética del alcoholismo

M. Sanchis Fortea, J. Cuevas Badenes, Mª A. Sanchis Arnau

Resumen


Los recientes estudios sobre genética humana sugieren que el abuso de alcohol y el alcoholismo pueden ser hereditarios. Se han localizado los loci génicos y los genes candidatos para identificar a los individuos de alto riesgo, sobre todo en los estudios genéticos referentes a la Alcohol Deshidrogenasa (ADH) y a la Aldehido Deshidrogenasa (ALDH).

Además, una selectiva selección de tales polimorfismos genéticos puede actuar como un factor de protección frente al abuso de alcohol o de la patología asociada, como es el caso de los portadores de alelos ALDH2 “defectuosos”, o por el contrario los que poseen el genotipo heterozigoto ALDH2*1/2 presentan mayor riesgo de alcoholismo que los portadores homozigotos ALDH2*1/1. Lo mismo podríamos afirmar sobre el polimorfismo genético del CYP2E1.

Los altos niveles de acetaldehido y la consiguiente reacción “flushing” que se producen tras el consumo de alcohol en los individuos portadores de estos tipos de polimorfismo genético, parecen ser los factores protectores responsables de la resistencia al alcoholismo en estos casos.

Las posibilidades para el control del alcoholismo a través de una intervención genómica están abiertas.


Palabras clave


alcoholismo; metabolismo; genética; enzimas

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Referencias


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.600

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