DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.491Palabras clave:
Resumen
Citas
(1) Zaccarelli, M., Gattari, P., Rezza, G., Conti, S., Spizzichino, L., Vlahov, D., Ippolito, G., Lelli, V. & Valenzi, C. (1994) Impact of HIV infection on non-AIDS mortality among Italian injecting drug users, AIDS, 8, 345-350.
(2) Perucci, C.A., Davoli, M., Rapiti, E., Forastiere, F. & Abeni, D.D. (1991) Mortality of intravenous drug users in Rome: a cohort study, American Journal of Public Health, 81, 1307-1310.
(3) Goedert, J.J., Pizza, G., Gritti, F.M., Costigliola, P., Boschini, A., Bini, A., Lazzari, C. & Palareti, A. (1995) Mortality among drug users in the AIDS era, International Journal of Epidemiology, 24, 1204-1210.
(4) Eskild, A., Magnus, P., Samuelsen, S.O., Sohlberg, C. & Kittelsen, P. (1993) Differences in mortality rates and causes of death between HIV positive and HIV negative intravenous drug users, International Journal of Epidemiology, 22, 315-320.
(5) Galli, M. & Musicco, M., for the COMCAT Study Group (1994) Mortality of intravenous drug users living in Milan, Italy: role of HIV-1 infection, AIDS, 8, 1457-1463.
(6) Stoneburner, R.L., Des Jarlais, D.C., Benerza, D., Gorelkin, L., Sotheran, J.L., Friedman, S.R., Schultz, S., Marmor, M., Mildvan, D. & Maslansky, R. (1988) A larger spectrum of severe HIV-1-related disease in intravenous drug users in New York City, Science, 242,
-919.
(7) Selwyn, P.A., Hartel, D., Wasserman, W. & Drucker, E. (1989) Impact of the AIDS epidemic on morbidity and mortality among intravenous drug users in a New York City methadone maintenance program, American Journal of Public Health, 79, 1358-1362.
(8) Orti, R.M., Domingo-Salvany, A., Munoz, A., Mactarlane, D., Suelves, J.M. & Antò, J.M. (1996) Mortality trends in a cohort of opiate addicts, Catalonia, Spain, International Journal of Epidemiology, 25, 545-553.
(9) Vaillant GE. (1973) A 20 year follow up of New York narcotic addicts, Archives in General Psychiatry, 29, 237-241.
(10) Thorsen, K. & Haastrup, S. (1975) Follow up of 97 young non-psychotic male opiate abusers: relationship between achiving abstinence, age, and duration of abuse, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 51, 289-296.
(11) Barr, H.L., Antes, D., Ottenberg, D.J. & Rosen, A. (1984) Mortality of treated alcoholics and drug addicts; the benefits of abstinence, Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 45, 440-452.
(12) Bucknall, A.B.V. & Robertson, J.R. (1986) Deaths of heroin users in a general practice population, Journal of Royal College of General Practitioner, 36,120-122.
(13) Mezzelani, P., Quaglio, G.L., Venturini, L., Lugoboni, F., G.I.C.S., Friedman, S.R. & Des Jarlais D.C. (1998) A multicentre study on the causes of death among Italian injecting drug users. AIDS has overtaken overdose as the principal cause of death, AIDS Care, 10, 61-67.
(14) Mezzelani, P., Venturini, L., Turrina, G., Lugoboni, F. & Des Jarlais, D.C. (1991) High compliance with a hepatitis B virus vaccination program among intravenous drug users, Journal of Infectious Diseases, 163, 923.
(15) Popolazione residente per sesso, età, regioni 1999. Istituto Italiano di Statistica (ISTAT). Roma 2000. [Resident population by sex, age, in Regions-Italy 1999. National Institute of Statistics. Roma 2000].
(16) Indagine trimestrale sulle forze di lavoro 1999. Istituto Italiano di Statistica (ISTAT). Roma 2000. [ Trimestral report on working class data1999. National Institute of Statistics. Roma 2000].
(17) Conti economici regionali 1996-1998. Istituto Italiano di
Statistica (ISTAT). Roma 1998. [Regional financial budget 1996-1998. National Institute of Statistics. Roma 1998].
(18) van Haastrecht, H.J.A., Mientjes, G.H.C., van den Hoek, J.A.R. & Coutinho, R.A. (1994) Death from suicide and overdose among drug injectors after disclosure of first HIV test result, AIDS, 8, 1721-5.
(19) Censimento Demografico Nazionale 1991; un modello di analisi per le realtà locali. (1996) Regione Veneto. Dipartimento per la statistica e l’informatica. [National Population Census 1991; an analysis model for local districts. Veneto Region. Department of applied statistics].
(20) Tredicesimo censimento della popolazione. 20 Ottobre 1991. Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (ISTAT). Roma 1993. [Thirteenth population census. 20 October 1991. National Institute of Statistics. Roma 1993].
(21) Breslow, M. & Day, N. (1986) Rates and rate standardization. Statistical methods in cancer research. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 48-79.
(22) Haastrup, S. & Jepsen, P.W. (1984) Seven year follow-up of 300 young drug abusers, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 70, 503-09.
(23) Joe, G.W. & Simpson, D.D. (1987) Mortality rate among opiate addicts in a longitudinal study, American Journal of Public Health, 77, 347-348.
(24) Frisher, M., Bloor, M., Goldberg, D., Clark, J., Green, S. & McKeganey, N. (1993) Mortality among injecting drug users: a critical reappraisal, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 47, 59-63.
(25) Davoli, M., Perucci, C., Rapiti, E., Barbagli, A.M., D’Ippoliti, D., Forastiere, F. & Abeni, D.D. (1997) A persistent rise in mortality among injection drug users in Rome, 1980 through 1992, American Journal of Public Health, 87, 851-853.
(26) Perucci, C.A., Forastiere, F., Rapiti, E., Davoli, M. & Abeni, D.D. (1992) The impact of intravenous drug use on mortality of young adults in Rome, Italy, British Journal of Addiction, 81, 1247-1249.
(27) Relazione annuale della Direzione Centrale per i Servizi Antidroga. (1998), Ministero dell’Interno, Roma. [Annual Report of Head Office of Public Centres for Drug Users 1998. Home Office, Roma, 1998, 130-132].
(28) Hogg, R.S., O’Shaughnessy, M.V., Gataric, N., Yip, B., Craib, K., Schechter, M.T. & Montaner JS (1997) Decline in deaths from AIDS due to new antiretrovirals, Lancet, 349:1294.
(29) Chiasson, M.A., Berenson, L., Li, W., Schwartz, S., Singh, T., Forlenza, S., Mojica, B.A. & Hamburg, M.A. (1999) Declining HIV/AIDS mortality in New York City, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 21:59-64.
(30) Baggio, E., Bossi, C., Bressan, R., Ceravolo, R., Durano, B., Giacomini, M.A., Lugoboni, F., Manzato, E., Rossetto, L., Saccardi, C., & Stimolo C. (1995) L’infezione da virus dell’immunodeficienza umana tra i tossicodipendenti da eroina: studio epidemiologico in 10 Servizi per le Tossicodipendenze del Veneto. 1985-1992 [HIV infection among heroin drug users: epidemiological study in 10
Public Health Authority Centres for Drug Users in Veneto Region.1985-1992]. Giornale Italiano dell’AIDS, 6, 154-156.
(31) Prins, M., Sabin, C.A., Lee, C.A., Devereux, H., & Coutinho, R.A. (2000) Pre-AIDS mortality and its association with HIV disease progression in haemophilic men, injecting drug users and homosexual men, AIDS, 14, 1829-837.
(32) Ghodse, A.H., Sheehan, M., Taylor, C. & Edwards, G. (1985) Deaths of drug addicts in the United Kingdom 1967, British Medical Journal, 290, 425-428.
(33) Hulse, G.K., English, D.R., Milne, E. & Holman C.D.J. (1999) The quantification of mortality resulting from the regular use of illicit opiates, Addiction, 94, 221-229.
(34) Davoli, M., Perucci, C., Forastiere, F., Doyle, P., Rapiti, E., Zaccarelli, M. & Abeni, D.D. (1993) Risk factors for overdose mortality: a case-control study within a cohort of intravenous drug users, International Journal of Epidemiology, 22, 273-277.
(35) Gronbladh, L., Ohlund, L.S. & Gunne, L.M. (1990) Mortality in heroin addiction: impact of methadone treatment, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 82, 223-227.
(36) Ruttenber, A.J., Kalter, H.D. & Santinga, P. (1990) The role of ethanol abuse in the etiology of heroin-related death, Journal of Forensic Science, 35, 891-900.
(37) Zador, D., Sunjic, S. & Darke, S. (1996) Heroin-related deaths in New South Wales, 1992: toxicological findings and circumstances, Medical Journal of Australia, 164, 204-207.
(38) Darke, S., Sunjic, S., Zador, D. & Prolov, T. (1997) A comparison of blood toxicology of heroin-related deaths and current heroin users in Sidney, Australia, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 47, 45-53.
(39) Seaman, S.R., Brettle, R.P, & Gore, M. (1998) Mortality from overdose among injecting drug users recently released from prison: database linkage study, British Medical Journal, 316, 426-428.
(40) Strang, J., Darke, S., Hall, W., Farrell, M., & Ali, R. (1996) Heroin overdose: the case for take-home naloxone, British Medical Journal, 312, 1435-436.
(41) Bammer, G., Dobler-Mikola, A., Fleming, P.M., Strang, J. & Uchtenhagen, A. (1999) The heroin prescribing debate: integrating science and politics, Science, 284, 1277-8.
(42) De La Fuente, L., Barrio, G., Vicente, J., Bravo, M.J. & Santacreu, J. (1995) The impact of drug-related deaths on mortality among young adults in Madrid, American Journal of Public Health, 85, 102-105.
(43) Haastrup, S. & Jepsen, P.W. (1988) Eleven-year followup of 300 young opioid addicts, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 77, 22-26.
(44) Fugelstad, A., Annell, A., Rajs, J. & Agren, G. (1997) Mortality and causes and manner of death among drug addicts in Stockholm during the period 1981-1992, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 96, 169-175.
(45) Lugoboni, F., Mezzelani, P., Venturini, L., Fibbia, G.C. & Des Jarlais D.C. (1992) An HBV vaccination program for street injecting drug users: implications for testing an HIV vaccine. VIII International Conference on AIDS, Amsterdam [abstract PoC 4796].
(46) Mezzelani, P., Venturini, L., Fibbia, G.C., Perdonà, G.P., Lugoboni, F., Faccini, M., Bossi, C., Saccardi, C. & Des Jarlais D.C. (1992) Parallel decline in both HIV and HBV seroprevalence following AIDS prevention programs among injecting drug users in North-East Italy. VIII International Conference on AIDS, Amsterdam
[abstract PoC 4797].
(47) Soriano, V., Garcia-Samaniego, J., Valencia, E., Rodriguez-Rosado, R., Munoz, F. & Gonzalez-Lahoz, J. (1999) Impact of chronic liver disease due to hepatitis viruses as cause of hospital admission and death in HIV-infected drug users, European Journal of Epidemiology, 15, 1-4.
(48) Telfer, P., Sabin, C., Devereux, H., Scott, F. & Dusheiko, G. (1994) The progression of HCV-associated liver disease in a cohort of haemophilia patients, British Journal of Haematology, 87, 555-561.
(49) De Pouplana, M., Soriano, V., Garcia-Samaniego, J., Enriquez, A., Munoz, F., & Gonzalez-Lahoz, J. (1995) More severe course of Delta hepatitis in HIV-infected patients, Genitourinary Medicine, 71, 132-133.
(50) Haas, D.W. & Des Prez, R.M. (1994) Tuberculosis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a historical perspective on recent developments, American Journal of Medicine, 96, 439-450.
(51) Braun, M.M., Cotè, T.R. & Rabkin, C.S. (1993) Trend in death with tuberculosis during the AIDS era, Journal of the American Medical Association, 269, 2865-2868.
(52) Antonucci, G., Armignacco, O. & Girardi, E. (1990) Tubercolosi e infezione da HIV: incidenza della tubercolosi in soggetti con infezione da HIV e prevalenza di sieropositività per HIV-Ab in pazienti con tubercolosi. [Tuberculosis and HIV infection: incidence
of tuberculosis in HIV positive subjects and prevalence of HIV seropositivity in patients with tuberculosis] In: Second Research Project on AIDS, 1989. ISTISAN Reports 90/10:133. Edizioni G.B. Rossi. [G.B.Rossi Publisher].
(53) van Ameijden, E.J.C., Vlahov, D., van den Hoek, J.A.R., Flynn, C. & Coutinho, R.A. (1996) Pre-AIDS mortality and morbidity among injection drug users in cohort studies in Amsterdam and Baltimore, XI International Conference on AIDS, Vancouver [abstract ThC220].
(54) Soellner, R., Castrup, U., Hechmann, W., Teschke, F. & Vorwold M. (1992) Does an HIV-infection increase the probability of dying by a drug-overdose?, VIII International Conference on AIDS, Amsterdam [abstract D402].
(55) Prins, M., Aguado, I.H., Brettle, R.P., Robertson, J.R., Broers, B., Carrè, N., Glodberg, D.J., Zangerle, R., Coutinho, R.A. & van den Hoek, A. (1997) Pre-AIDS mortality from natural causes associated with HIV disease progression: evidence from the European
Seroconvert Study among injecting drug users, AIDS, 11, 1747-1756.
(56) Kringsholm, B. (1988) Deaths among drug addicts in Denmark in 1968-1986, Forensic Science International, 38, 139-149.
(57) Rilevazione attività nel settore tossicodipendenze, 1997. Dipartimento della Prevenzione. Ministero della Sanità. [National Report on Addictions, 1997. Department of Prevention. Ministry of Health. Roma 1997].



