Craving y abstinencia de la nicotina en fumadores españoles en un tratamiento para dejar de fumar Craving and nicotine withdrawal in a Spanish smoking cessation sample

Autores/as

  • Bárbara Piñeiro Smoking Cessation Unit, University of Santiago de Compostela
  • Ana López-Durán Smoking Cessation Unit, University of Santiago de Compostela
  • Ana López-Durán Smoking Cessation Unit, University of Santiago de Compostela
  • Úrsula Martínez Smoking Cessation Unit, University of Santiago de Compostela
  • Úrsula Martínez Smoking Cessation Unit, University of Santiago de Compostela
  • Thomas H. Brandon Tobacco Research & Intervention Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
  • Thomas H. Brandon Tobacco Research & Intervention Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
  • Elisardo Becoña Smoking Cessation Unit, University of Santiago de Compostela

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.4

Palabras clave:

Craving, abstinencia, recaída, España, dejar de fumar. Craving, withdrawal, relapse, Spain, smoking cessation.

Resumen

El craving y el síndrome de abstinencia de la nicotina (SAN) forman parte del trastorno por consumo del tabaco en el DSM-5. Ambos aparecen tras dejar de fumar o tras una reducción brusca del consumo de tabaco, y están relacionados con los resultados de dejar de fumar a corto y largo plazo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la relación del craving y del síndrome de abstinencia con dejar de fumar al final del tratamiento y con la recaída a los 3 meses de seguimiento en una muestra de fumadores españoles. La muestra estaba formada por 342 fumadores (37,7% hombres; 62,3% mujeres) que recibieron tratamiento cognitivo-conductual para dejar de fumar. La evaluación del craving y del síndrome de abstinencia se realizó a través de la escala Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale. Los abstinentes al final del tratamiento, comparados con los no abstinentes, mostraron un síndrome de abstinencia y un craving significativamente menor al finalizar el tratamiento. Además, los abstinentes tenían puntuaciones menores en dependencia de la nicotina antes del tratamiento. Entre los abstinentes, el craving descendió significativamente desde los valores presentados antes de dejar de fumar, mientras que en los participantes que no dejaron de fumar los valores de craving permanecieron en los mismos niveles. La dependencia de la nicotina elevada fue el predictor de fumar al final del tratamiento, mientras que el síndrome de abstinencia de la nicotina elevado fue predictor de la recaída a los 3 meses. Los resultados apoyan el papel robusto del craving y del SAN en dejar de fumar y en la recaída, aunque difieren en sus patrones de cambio a lo largo del tiempo.
Craving and nicotine withdrawal syndrome (NWS) are components of the tobacco use disorder in DSM-5. They both appear after smoking cessation or an abrupt reduction in tobacco use, and they are associated with both short and long-term smoking-cessation outcomes. The aim of the present study was to examine the association of craving and withdrawal with smoking cessation at the end of the treatment and relapse at 3 months follow-up in a Spanish sample of smokers. The sample comprised 342 smokers (37.7% men; 62.3% women) receiving a cognitive-behavioral treatment for smoking cessation. The assessments of craving and withdrawal were conducted using the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale. Abstainers at the end of the treatment, compared to non abstainers, showed significantly lower post-treatment withdrawal, and post-treatment craving. Furthermore, they had lower scores in pre-treatment nicotine dependence. Among abstainers, craving decreased significantly from pre-cessation levels, while in those participants who did not quit smoking it remained on the same levels. High nicotine dependence was a predictor of smoking at the end of the treatment, whereas high nicotine withdrawal predicted relapse at 3 months. Findings support the robust role of craving and NWS in smoking cessation and relapse, although they differ in their specific patterns of change over time.

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Publicado

2014-09-15

Número

Vol. 26 Núm. 3 (2014)

Sección

Originales