Cafeína: un nutriente, un fármaco, o una droga de abuso

Autores/as

  • Ricardo Pardo Lozano Médico residente de Farmacología Clínica, Unidad de Farmacología. IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona y Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona.
  • Yolanda Alvarez García Médico especialista en Farmacología Clínica.
  • Diego Barral Tafalla Médico especialista en Farmacología Clínica.
  • Magí Farré Albaladejo Consultor-2, Unidad de Farmacología. IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona y Profesor Titular, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. Enviar correspondencia a: Magí Farré. IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Edificio PRBB, Calle del Doctor Aiguader 88 - 08003 Barcelona. Tel. 933 160400; Fax 933160410

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.303

Palabras clave:

Cafeina, dependencia, droga de abuso, intoxicación, reacciones adversas, farmacocinética

Resumen

El café, el té, el chocolate y los refrescos de cola son las principales fuentes de cafeína, que es consumida en casi todas las edades y estratos socioeconómicos. La cafeína es un antagonista competitivo de los receptores adenosínicos del SNC. Sus principales efectos son psicoestimulantes, respiratorios, músculo-esqueléticos y cardiovasculares. Básicamente, se metaboliza por el CYP1A2 por lo que interacciona con numerosos fármacos. Las variaciones interindividuales en su metabolismo explican las diferencias de sus efectos. Su principal uso terapéutico es como broncodilatador en patología respiratoria. Además, se ha experimentado en otras patologías con resultados no concluyentes. El consumo agudo o crónico de cafeína puede dar lugar a una amplia variedad de efectos adversos, intoxicaciones e incluso la muerte. Finalmente, destacar que la cafeína puede considerarse una droga de abuso. Así, la cafeína posee propiedades reforzadoras positivas, produce tolerancia y al cesar su consumo aparece un síndrome de abstinencia específico. La cafeína puede dar lugar a diferentes trastornos por uso de sustancias. Entre ellas la dependencia, no reconocida en el DSM IV-R, el síndrome de abstinencia y la intoxicación. La cafeína puede considerarse un fármaco, un nutriente y una droga de abuso dependiendo de su uso.

Biografía del autor/a

Ricardo Pardo Lozano, Médico residente de Farmacología Clínica, Unidad de Farmacología. IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona y Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona.

Citas

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2007-09-01

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