Desarrollos recientes sobre el consumo global de alcohol y consumos de alto riesgo: argumentos a favor de las intervenciones efectivas a nivel de población en Canadá

Norman Giesbrecht

Resumen


Cada vez existen más evidencias de las importantes repercusiones del alcohol en forma de enfermedades crónicas, traumas, problemas sociales y elevados costes económicos. En una serie de países se ha producido un aumento del consumo y/o del consumo de alto riesgo en los últimos años. Sin embargo, en muchos contextos la regulación del alcohol aún no es de alta prioridad. Canadá ha experimentado diversas circunstancias en años recientes: el aumento gradual del consumo global, el aumento del consumo de alto riesgo, comercialización y promoción amplia de las bebidas alcohólicas y mayor facilidad para acceder al alcohol. Los datos de las investigaciones realizadas en Canadá y en Ontario, la provincia más poblada, indican que la proporción de los que consumen más de 5 bebidas en una sola ocasión ha aumentado desde mediados de los años noventa. En conjunto, y calculando por lo bajo, se estima que el daño provocado por el alcohol ha supuesto catorce mil millones de dólares canadienses en costes sociales, según datos de 2002. Existe una estrategia nacional frente al alcohol y varias de ámbito provincial diseñadas para reducir los problemas provocados por el alcohol, pero de momento son meras propuestas y no se han puesto en práctica a fondo. Para crear iniciativas efectivas, eficientes y decisivas y reducir el daño global se destacan una serie de recomendaciones: aumento de los precios/impuestos del alcohol, limitación del acceso al mismo a través del control de la densidad de puntos de venta y de las horas de apertura, renovación de las funciones de control de las juntas de bebidas alcohólicas, y disposición de recursos para ejecutar estas medidas de forma efectiva.


Palabras clave


daño provocado por el alcohol; políticas; alcohol; tendencias de consumo; pautas de consumo de alcohol

Texto completo:

PDF

Referencias


Adlaf, E. M., Begin, P. y Sawka, E. (Eds). (2005). Canadian Addiction Survey (CAS): A national survey of Canadians use of alcohol and other drugs: Prevalence of use and related harms. Detailed report. Ottawa: Canadian Centre on Substance Use.

Adlaf, E. M., Ialomiteanu, A. y Rehm, J. (2008). CAMH Monitor eReport: Addiction y Mental Health Indicators Among Ontario Adults, 1977-2005 (CAMH Research Document Series No. 24). Toronto, ON: Centre for

Addiction y Mental Health. Disponible en: http://www.camh.net/research/population_life_course.html. Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission y Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission (2007) Developing an Alberta Alcohol Strategy – Background Information. Alberta Government.

Allamani, A. y Prina, F. (2007). Why the decrease in consumption

of alcoholic beverages in Italy between 1970s and the 200s? Shedding light on an Italian mystery. Contemporary Drug Problems, 34 (Summer): 187-297.

Anderson, P. (2005). Alcohol and coronary heart disease. Adicciones, 17: 3-9. Versión en castellano: «El alcohol y las afecciones coronarias».

Anderson, P. (2007). A safe, sensible and social AHRSE: New labour and alcohol policy. Addiction, 102: 1515-1521.

Asbridge, M., Mann, R.E., Smart, R.G., Stoduto, G., Beirness, D., Lamble, R. y Vingilis, E. (en prensa). The effects of Ontario’s administrative driver’s licence suspension law on total driver fatalities: A multiple time series analysis.

Drug, Education, Prevention and Policy. Baan, R., K. Straif, Y. Grosse, B. Secretan, F. El Ghassassi, V. Bouvard, A. y Altiere, V. Cogliano on behalf of the WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph

Working Group. (2007). Carcinogenicity of Alcoholic Beverages. The Lancet Oncology, 8: 292-293.

Babor, T., Caetano, R., Casswell, S., Edwards, G., Giesbrecht, N., Graham,K., Grube, J.,Gruenewald, P., Hill, L., Holder, H., Romel, R., Österberg, E., Rehm, J., Room, R. and Rossow, R. (2003). Alcohol, No Ordinary Commodity: Research and Public Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

British Medical Association Board of Science. (2008). Alcohol misuse: tackling the UK epidemic. London: A publication from the BMA Science and Education department of the Board of Science, February, 2008.

Bruun, K., Edwards, G., Lumio,, M., Mäkelä, K., Österbeg, E., Pan, L., Popham, R. E., Schmidt, W., Room, R., Skog, O.-J. (1975). Alcohol Control Policies in Public Health Perspective, Helsinki, Finland: The Finnish Foundation for Alcohol Studies.

Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. (2004). Alcoholrelated Harms and Control Policy in Canada. http://www.ccsa.ca/NR/rdonlyres/EF556B91-72B8-4FB5-AB3D-ADDD96A9D895/0/ccsa0048402004.pdf

Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. (2007). Reducing Alcohol-Related Harm in Canda: Toward a Culture of Moderation. Recommendations for a

National Alcohol Strategy (April 2007). Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse

Commission, Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse y Health Canada.

http://www.ccsa.ca/NR/rdonlyres/AB35A74F-2491-4CD0-

CD7-31F3897BDBBD/0/ccsa0238762007.pdf

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Low Risk Drinking Guidelines http://www.camh.net/About_Addiction_Mental_Health/Drug_and_Addiction_Information/low_

risk_drinking_guidelines.html

Chaloupka. F.J., Grossman, M., y Saffer, H. (2002). The effects of price on alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems. Alcohol Research and Health, 26(1): 22-34.

Chronic Disease Prevention Alliance of Canada (2008) A Comparative Analysis of National Disease-Specific Strategies. (Report prepared by H. Krueger y Associates Inc.).

Cook, P. J. (2007). Paying the tab-- the economics of alcohol policy. Princeton University Press.

Cunningham J.A., Koski-Jännes A., Wild T.C. y Cordingley J. (2002). Treating alcohol problems with self-help materials: A population study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63: 649-654.

Daynard, R.A. (2004). Lessons from tobacco control for the obesity control movement. Journal of Public Health Policy, 24: 291-295.

Demers, A. y Poulin, C. (2005). 3. Alcohol Use. In: Adlaf, E. M., Begin, P. y Sawka, E. (Eds). Canadian Addiction Survey (CAS): A national survey of Canadians use of alcohol and other drugs: Prevalence of use and related

harms. Detailed report, pp. 20-32. Ottawa: Canadian Centre on Substance Use.

Department of Health Promotion and Protection Addiction Services, Province of Nova Scotia (2007) Changing the Culture of Alcohol Use in Nova Scotia – An Alcohol Strategy to Prevent and Reduce the Burden of Alcohol-Related Harm in Nova Scotia. Halifax, Province of Nova Scotia.

Edwards, G., Anderson, P., Babor, T. F., Casswell, S., Ferrence, R., Giesbrecht, N., Godfrey, C., Holder, H. D., Lemmens, P., Mäkelä , K., Midanik, L. T., Nörstrom, T., Österberg, E., Romelsjö, A., Room, R., Simpura, J. y Skog, O. J. (1994). Alcohol Policy and the Public Good. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Garcia, J. (2006). The Ontario Tobacco Strategy: Relevance to Healthy Weights Research, Policy and Practice? Seminar for the Physical Activity and Research Program Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto. (presentación en PowerPoint)

Giesbrecht, N. y MacKenzie, B. (2000) Alcohol retailing by government Liquor Boards in Canada in the 1990s. Report on an International Seminar on Alcohol Retail Monopolies: Exchange of Information and Experience.

Helsinki: Alko.

Giesbrecht, N. y Ba, S. (2006) Priorities 2006: Developments in Alcohol Policy since 1996. Toronto: The Alcohol Policy Network and the Ontario Public Health Association.

Giesbrecht, N., Haydon, E., Kobus-Matthews, M., Rehm, J. y Roerecke, M. (2006a) Where is Alcohol in Chronic Disease Prevention Strategies? Epidemiology vs. Prevention Priorities. Annual Meeting of the American

Public Health Association, Boston, November 4-8, 2006.

Giesbrecht, N., Stoduto, G. y Kavanagh, L. (2006b) Privatization postponed? Ontario’s experience with convergent interests and extensive alcohol marketing. In: Giesbrecht, N., Demers, A., Ogborne, A., Room, R. Stoduto, G. y Lindquist, E. (eds.), Sober Reflections: Commerce, Public Health, and the Evolution of Alcohol Policy in Canada. 1980-2000, pp. 175-200. Montreal, McGill-Queen’s University Press.

Giesbrecht, N., Room, R., Demers, A., Lindquist, E., Ogborne, A., Bondy, S., y Stoduto, G. (2006c) Alcohol policies: Is there a future for public health considerations in a commerce-oriented environment? In: Giesbrecht, N., Demers, A., Ogborne, A., Room, R. Stoduto, G.

y Lindquist, E. (eds.), Sober Reflections: Commerce, Public Health, and the Evolution of Alcohol Policy in Canada. 1980-2000, pp. 289-329. Montreal, McGill-Queen’s University Press.

Giesbrecht, N. (2007) Reducing alcohol-related damage in populations: Rethinking the roles of education and persuasion interventions. Addiction, 101: 1345-1349.

Graham, K., Jelley, J., y Purcell, J.(2005). Training bar staff in preventing and managing aggression in licensed premises, Journal of Substance Use, 10, 48-61.

Heather, N. (2006). Britain’s alcohol problem and what the UK government is (and is not) doing about it. Adicciones, 18 (3): 225-235. Versión en castellano : «El problema del alcohol en el Reino Unido y lo que hace (y no hace) el gobierno al respecto». INPES, Institut National de Prévention et d’Education pour la Santé. INPES website

Leon, D.A., McCambridge, J. (2006). Liver cirrhosis morality rates in Britain, 1950-2002. The Lancet, 367: 9511: 645. Liquor Control Board of Ontario (2003). LCBO Annual Report 2003-04. Breaking $1 Billion. Toronto: LCBO Corporate Communication.

Livingston, M., Chikritzhs, T., y Room, R. (2007). Changing the density of alcohol outlets to reduce alcohol-related problems. Drug and Alcohol Review, 26, 557-566.

Marmot, M. (2007). Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the prevention of cancer: A global perspective. Slide presentation on alcohol, based on report by the World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for

Cancer Research.

MILDT (2007). Toxicomanie MIdLcl. L’alcool et la loi -L’alcool est un produit licite. Sa production, sa vente et son usage sont règlementés. Internet site of the Interdepartmental Mission for the Fight against Drugs and Drugs addiction (MILDT) http://www.drogues.gouv.fr/article3061.html

Norström, T. (2004). Per Capita Alcohol Consumption and All-cause Mortality in Canada, 1950-98. Addiction, 99, 1274-1278.

Plant, M.A. y Plant, M.L. (2006). Binge Britain: Alcohol and the National Response. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Ramstedt, M. (2003). Alcohol Consumption and Liver Cirrhosis Mortality With and Without the Mention of Alcohol − the Case of Canada. Addiction 98, 1267-1276.

Ramstedt, M. (2004). Alcohol Consumption and Alcoholrelated Mortality in Canada, 1950-2000.Canadian Journal of Public Health 95, 121-126.

Ramstedt, M. (2005) Alcohol and suicide at the population level—the Canadian experience. Drug and Alcohol Review. 24, 203-208.

Rehm, J., Room, R., Monteiro, M., Graham, K., Rehn, N., Sempos, C.T. y Jernigan, D. (2003). Alcohol as a risk factor for the global burden of disease. European Addiction Research 9, 157-164

Rehm J., Baliunas, D., Brochu, S., Fischer, B., Gnam, W., Patra, J., Popova, S., Sarnocinska-Hart, A. y Taylor, B. In collaboration with E. Adlaf, M. Recel, E. Single. (2006a). The Costs of Substance Abuse in Canada 2002: Highlights.Ottawa: Canadian Centre on Substance

Abuse.

Rehm, J., Giesbrecht, N., Patra, J. y Roerecke, M. (2006b). Estimating chronic disease deaths and hospitalizations due to alcohol use in Canada in 2002 – Implications for policy and prevention strategies. Preventing Chronic Disease, 3 (4). [periódico on line]

Rehm, J., Patra, J. y Popova, S. (2006c). Alcohol-attributable mortality and potential years of life lost in Canada 2001: Implications for prevention and policy. Addiction, 101, 373-384.

Room, R., Stoduto, G., Demers, A. Ogborne, A. y Giesbrecht, N. (2006) Alcohol in the Canadian context. In: Giesbrecht, N., Demers, A., Ogborne, A., Room, R. Stoduto, G. y Lindquist, E. (eds.), Sober Reflections:

Commerce, Public Health, and the Evolution of Alcohol Policy in Canada. 1980-2000. pp. 14-42. Montreal, McGill-Queen’s University Press.

Rossow, I. (2004). Alcohol consumption and homicides in Canada 1950-1999. Contemporary Drug Problems 31, 541-560.

Skog, O.J. (2003). Alcohol Consumption and Fatal Accidents in Canada, 1950-98. Addiction, 98 (7), 883-893.

Statistics Canada (1997). National Population Health Survey (NPHS): Cycle 1, 1994-95, Vol. Catalogue no. 0019782-567-XIB, Ottawa, 1997.

Statistics Canada (1999). National Population Health Survey (NPHS): Cycle 2, 1996-97, Vol. Catalogue no. 0019782-567-XIB, Ottawa, 1999.

Statistics Canada (2002). The Control and Sale of Alcoholic Beverages in Canada, 2001, Vol. Catalogue no.63-202-XIB, Ottawa: Minster of Industry, 2002.

Statistics Canada (2003). Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), 2001, Vol. Catalogue no.82M0013GPE, Ottawa, 2003.

Statistics Canada (2005a). Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), 2003, Vol. Catalogue no.82M0013GPE, Ottawa, 2005a.

Statistics Canada (2005b). The Control and Sale of Alcoholic Beverages in Canada, 2004, Vol. Catalogue no.63-202-XIE, Ottawa: Minster of Industry, 2005b.

Stockwell, T., Zhao, J. y Thomas, G. (2008). A proposal to changes in liquor “markups” in British Columbia in order to reduce harm from alcohol consumption. Centre for Addictions Research of B.C. Briefing paper prepare for the Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Public Safety

and Solicitor General, Government of British Columbia, January 16, 2008.

Taylor, B., Rehm, J., Room, R., Patra, J. y Bondy, S. (en prensa) Determination of lifetime injury mortality risk in Canada in 2002 by drinking amount per occasion and number of occasions. American Journal of Epidemiology.

World Health Organization (2002). World Health Report: Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. Geneva: World Health Organization

World Health Organization (2004a). WHO Global Status Report on Alcohol, 2004. Country Profiles, European Region, France. Geneva: World Health Organization.

World Health Organization (2004b). WHO Global Status Report on Alcohol, 2004. Country Profiles, European Region, Italy. Geneva: World Health Organization.

World Health Organization (2004c). WHO Global Status Report on Alcohol, 2004. Country Profiles, European Region, The Russian Federation. Geneva: World Health Organization.

World Health Organization (2004d). WHO Global Status Report on Alcohol, 2004. Country Profiles, European Region, Spain. Geneva: World Health Organization.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.263

Enlaces refback

  • No hay ningún enlace refback.