Desmontando estereotipos: Orientación sexual y riesgo para el consumo de sustancias en la adolescencia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.1986Palabras clave:
Minorías sexuales, uso de sustancias, adolescencia, drogas.Resumen
El uso y abuso de sustancias es un importante problema de salud pública. La investigación generalmente ha mostrado que los grupos de personas de minorías sexuales como lesbianas, gais, bisexuales, transexuales y otros (LGBT+) se ubican entre los grupos vulnerables de mayor riesgo de consumo. Sin embargo, la investigación en el contexto español es muy escasa y no ha analizado esta cuestión. Esta investigación, por lo tanto, pretendió analizar el consumo de sustancias en jóvenes según su orientación sexual a través de dos estudios utilizando muestras representativas de adolescentes. Los análisis revelaron únicamente algunas diferencias en el consumo de sustancias por parte de los grupos de minorías sexuales. Los y las adolescentes bisexuales presentaron una frecuencia mayor de consumo en algunos indicadores de tabaco, cannabis y alcohol y las lesbianas mostraron una mayor frecuencia de consumo intensivo de alcohol, pero no otros indicadores de consumo diferencial. Por su parte, los adolescentes questioning presentaron las tasas de consumo más bajas en comparación con los otros grupos en muchos indicadores. Los resultados de ambos estudios podrían indicar, al menos con estas muestras y con estos indicadores, que no existe un uso generalizado y más frecuente de sustancias por parte de personas de minorías sexuales, lo que podría sugerir la existencia de un estereotipo y no tanto responder a un hecho.Citas
Al-Halabí-Díaz, S., Errasti-Pérez, J., Fernández-Hermida, J., Carballo-Crespo, J., Secades-Villa, R. y García-Rodríguez, O. (2009). El colegio y los factores de riesgo familiar en la asistencia a programas de prevención familiar del consumo de drogas. Adicciones, 21(1), 39-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.250
Birkett, M., Espelage, D. L. y Koenig, B. (2009). LGB and questioning students in schools: The moderating effects of homophobic bullying and school climate on negative outcomes. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(7), 989-1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9389-1
Boyle, S. C., Kettering, V., Young, S. H. y LaBrie, J. W. (2020). Lesbians’ use of popular social media sites is associated with perceived drinking norms & interest in receiving personalized normative feedback on alcohol use. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 38(4), 415–429. https://doi.org/10.1080/07347324.2020.1723459
Bränström, R. y Pachankis, J. E. (2018). Sexual orientation disparities in the co-occurrence of substance use and psychological distress: A national population-based study (2008-2015). Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 53(4), 403–412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-018-1491-4
Corliss, H. L., Rosario, M., Wypij, D., Wylie, S. A., Frazier, A. L. y Austin, S. B. (2010). Sexual orientation and drug use in a longitudinal cohort study of U.S. adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 35, 517–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.12.019
Crocetti, E., Rubini, M. y Meeus, W. (2008). Capturing the dynamics of identity formation in various ethnic groups: Development and validation of a three-dimensional model. Journal of Adolescence, 31, 207-222.
Errasti-Pérez, J. M., Al-Halabí-Díaz, S., Secades-Villa, R., Fernández-Hermida, J. R., Carballo, J. L. y García-Rodríguez, O. (2009). Prevención familiar del consumo de drogas: El programa “Familias que funcionan”. Psicothema, 21(1), 45–50.
Espada, J. P., Morales, A., Orgilés, M. y Ballester, R. (2012). Self-concept, social anxiety and depressive symptoms in Spanish adolescents based on their sexual orientation. Ansiedad y Estrés, 18(1), 31-41.
Espelage, D. L., Aragon, S. R., Birkett, M. y Koenig, B. W. (2008) Homophobic teasing, psychological outcomes, and sexual orientation among high school students: What influence do parents and schools have? School Psychology Review, 37(2), 202-216. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.2008.12087894
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2022). Informe europeo sobre Drogas. Tendencias y novedades. https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/edr/trends-developments/2022_en
Fish, J. N., Watson, R. J., Gahagan, J., Porta, C. M., Beaulieu‐Prévost, D. y Russell, S. T. (2019). Smoking behaviours among heterosexual and sexual minority youth? Findings from 15 years of provincially representative data. Drug and Alcohol Review, 38(1), 101-110. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12880
Fish, J. N., Watson, R. J., Porta, C. M., Russell, S. T. y Saewyc, E. M. (2017). Are alcohol-related disparities between sexual minority and heterosexual youth decreasing? Addiction, 112(11), 1931–1941. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13896
Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Pérez-Albéniz, A., Díez-Gómez, A., Ortuño-Sierra, J. y Lucas-Molina, B. (2019). Escala Oviedo de Infrecuencia de Respuesta-Revisada [Oviedo Response Infrequency Scale-Revised, Unpublished manuscript]. Departament of Educational Sciences. University of La Rioja.
Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Pérez-Albéniz, A., Al-Halabí, S., Lucas-Molina, B., Ortuño-Sierra, J., Díez-Gómez, A., Pérez-Sáenz, J., Inchausti, F., Valero García, A. V., Gutiérrez García, A., Aritio Solana, R., Ródenas-Perea, G., De Vicente Clemente, M. P., Ciarreta López, A. y Debbané, M. (2023). PSICE project protocol: Evaluation of the unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment for adolescents with emotional symptoms in school settings. Clínica y Salud, 34(1), 15 - 22. https://doi.org/10.5093/clysa2023a3
Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Pérez-Álvarez, M., Al-Halabí, S., Inchausti, F., López-Navarro, E. R., Muñiz, J., Lucas-Molina, B., Pérez-Albéniz, A., Rivera, R. B., Cano-Vindel, A., Gimeno-Peón, A., Prado-Abril, J., González-Menéndez, A., Valero, A. V., Priede, A., González-Blanch, C., Ruiz-Rodríguez, P., Moriana, J. A., Gómez, L. E.,… Montoya-Castilla, I. (2021). Empirically supported psychological treatments for children and adolescents: State of the art. Psicothema, 33(3), 386-398. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2021.56
Ford, J. A. y Jasinski, J. L. (2006). Sexual orientation and substance use among college students. Addictive Behaviors, 31(3), 404–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.05.019
Goldbach, J. T., Tanner-Smith, E. E., Bagwell, M. y Dunlap, S. (2014). Minority stress and substance use in sexual minority adolescents: A meta-analysis. Prevention Science, 15(3), 350-363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-013-0393-7
Gonzales, G. y Henning-Smith, C. (2017). Health disparities by sexual orientation: Results and implications from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Journal of Community Health, 42(6), 1163-1172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-017-0366-z
González-Roz, A., Martínez-Loredo, V., Maalouf, W., Fernández-Hermida, J. R. y Al-Halabí, S. (2023). Protocol for a trial assessing the efficacy of a universal school-based prevention program for addictive behaviors. Psicothema, 35(1), 41–49. https://doi.org/10.7334/PSICOTHEMA2022.251
Green, K. E. y Feinstein, B. A. (2012). Substance use in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: An update on empirical research and implications for treatment. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 26(2), 265–278. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025424
Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Birkett, M., Van Wagenen, A. y Meyer, I. H. (2014). Protective school climates and reduced risk for suicide ideation in sexual minority youths. American Journal of Public Health, 104(2), 279–286. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301508
Hughes T. L. (2003). Lesbians’ drinking patterns: Beyond the data. Substance Use & Misuse, 38(11-13), 1739–1758. https://doi.org/10.1081/ja-120024239
Jiménez-Padilla, B. I. y Alonso-Castillo, M. M. (2022). Revisión sistemática de intervenciones preventivas en ambiente escolar para el consumo de alcohol y tabaco en adolescentes. Health & Addictions / Salud y Drogas, 22(1), 108–121. https://doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v22i1.626
Jorm, A. F., Korten, A. E., Rodgers, B., Jacomb, P. A. y Christensen, H. (2002). Sexual orientation and mental health: Results from a community survey of young and middle–aged adults. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 180(5), 423-427.
Kecojevic, A., Wong, C. F., Schrager, S. M., Silva, K., Bloom, J. J., Iverson, E. y Lankenau, S. E. (2012). Initiation into prescription drug misuse: Differences between lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) and heterosexual high-risk young adults in Los Angeles and New York. Addictive Behaviors, 37(11), 1289-1293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.06.006
Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B. y Martin, C. E. (1948). Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. Saunders.
Lees, B., Meredith, L. R., Kirkland, A. E., Bryant, B. E. y Squeglia, L. M. (2020). Effect of alcohol use on the adolescent brain and behavior. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 192, 172906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172906
London-Nadeau, K., Rioux, C., Parent, S., Vitaro, F., Côté, S. M., Boivin, M., Tremblay, R. E., Séguin, J. R. y Castellanos-Ryan, N. (2021). Longitudinal associations of cannabis, depression, and anxiety in heterosexual and LGB adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 130(4), 333–345. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000542
López-Caneda, E., Mota, N., Crego, A., Velasquez, T., Corral, M., Rodríguez-Holguín, S. y Cadaveira, F. (2014). Anomalías neurocognitivas asociadas al consumo intensivo de alcohol (binge drinking) en jóvenes y adolescentes: Una revisión. Adicciones, 26(4), 334-359.
Marshal, M. P., Friedman, M. S., Stall, R., King, K. M., Miles, J., Gold, M. A., Bukstein, O. G. y Morse, J. Q. (2008). Sexual orientation and adolescent substance use: A meta‐analysis and methodological review. Addiction, 103(4), 546‐556. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360‐0443.2008.02149.x
McDonald, K. (2018). Social support and mental health in LGBTQ adolescents: A review of the literature. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 39(1), 16-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2017.1398283
Mereish, E. H. (2019). Substance use and misuse among sexual and gender minority youth. Current Opinion in Psychology, 30, 123‐127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.05.002
Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
Meyer, I. H., Pachankis, J. E. y Klein, D. N. (2021). Do genes explain sexual minority mental health disparities? [Letter to the Editor] Archives of Sexual Behavior, 50(3), 731–737. https://doi.org/10. 1007/s10508-020-01909-2
Meyer, I. H. y Wilson, P. A. (2009). Sampling lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(1), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014587
Negreiros de Carvalho, J., Ballester Brague, L., Valero de Vicente, M. y Amer Fernández, J. (2020). Revisión sistemática de programas de prevención familiar universal: Análisis en términos de eficacia, retención y adherencia. Adicciones, 33(4), 359-368. http://dx.doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.1381
National Institute on Drug Abuse. NIDA. (2022a). Substance Use and SUDs in LGBTQ Populations. https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/substance-use-suds-in-lgbtq-populations
National Institute on Drug Abuse. NIDA. (2022b). The Connection Between Substance Use Disorders and Mental Illness. National Institute on Drug Abuse. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/common-comorbidities-mental-illness
Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito (UNODC). (2022). Informe Mundial sobre las Drogas 2022. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/es/press/releases/2022/June/unodc-world-drug-report-2022-highlights-trends-on-cannabis-post-legalization--environmental-impacts-of-illicit-drugs--and-drug-use-among-women-and-youth.html
Padilla, Y. C., Crisp, C. y Rew, D. L. (2010). Parental acceptance and illegal drug use among gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents: Results from a national survey. Social Work, 55(3), 265–275. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/55.3.265
Pérez-Albéniz, A., Lucas-Molina, B. y Fonseca-Pedrero, E. (2023). Parental support and gender moderate the relationship between sexual orientation and suicidal behavior in adolescents. Psicothema, 35(3), 248-258. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2022.325
Pesola, F., Shelton, K. H. y van den Bree, M. B. (2014). Sexual orientation and alcohol problem use among U.K. adolescents: An indirect link through depressed mood. Addiction, 109(7), 1072–1080. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12528
Pitman, A., Marston, L., Lewis, G., Semlyen, J., McManus, S. y King, M. (2022). The mental health of lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults compared with heterosexual adults: Results of two nationally representative English household probability samples. Psychological Medicine, 52(15), 3402-3411. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721000052
Plan Nacional sobre Drogas (2019). Encuesta sobre el uso de drogas en enseñanzas secundarias en España (ESTUDES) 2018-2019. https://pnsd.sanidad.gob. es/profesionales/sistemasInformacion/sistemaInformacion/pdf/ESTUDES_2018-19_Informe.pdf
Plan Nacional sobre Drogas (2022). Encuesta sobre el uso de drogas en enseñanzas secundarias en España (ESTUDES) 2021. https://pnsd.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/sistemasInformacion/sistemaInformacion/pdf/ESTUDES_2022_Informe.pdf
Plöderl, M. y Tremblay, P. (2015). Mental health of sexual minorities. A systematic review. International Review of Psychiatry, 27(5), 367‐385. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2015.1083949
Raifman, J., Charlton, B.M., Arrington-Sanders, R., Chan, P. A., Rusley, J., Mayer, K. H., Stein, M. D., Austin S. B. y McConnell, M. (2020). Sexual orientation and suicide attempt disparities among US adolescents: 2009–2017. Pediatrics, 145(3), e20191658. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-1658
Ross, L. E., Salway, T., Tarasoff, L. A., MacKay, J. M., Hawkins, B. W. y Fehr, C. P. (2018). Prevalence of depression and anxiety among bisexual people compared to gay, lesbian, and heterosexual individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Sex Research, 55(4-5), 435–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1387755
Russell, S. T., Driscoll, A. K. y Truong, N. (2002). Adolescent same-sex romantic attractions and relationships: Implications for substance use and abuse. American Journal of Public Health, 92(2), 198–202. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.92.2.198
Saha, A., Marbaniang, M.A., Kakoty, M. y Barooah, S. (2023). Perceived risk factors and preventive measures for suicide in lesbian and gay youth. Journal of Psychosexual Health. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/26318318231174291
Sánchez-Queija, I., Pineda-Balbuena, A., Díez, M. y Parra, A. (2023). El papel mediador de la fuerza del compromiso entre los estilos de procesamiento de la identidad y el bienestar de jóvenes adultos emergentes. Anales de Psicología, 39(2), 265–272. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.475911
Spittlehouse, J. K., Boden, J. M. y Horwood, L. J. (2020). Sexual orientation and mental health over the life course in a birth cohort. Psychological Medicine, 50(8), 1348-1355. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719001284
Talley, A. E., Hughes, T. L., Aranda, F., Birkett, M. y Marshal, M. P. (2014). Exploring alcohol‐use behaviors among heterosexual and sexual minority adolescents: Intersections with sex, age, and race/ethnicity. American Journal of Public Health, 104(2), 295‐303. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301627
Tubman, J. G., Moore, C., Lee, J. y Shapiro, A. J. (2023). Multivariate patterns of substance use, minority stress and environmental violence associated with sexual revictimization of lesbian and bisexual emerging adult women. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 27, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10894160.2023.2240552
Wallace, B. C. y Santacruz, E. (2017). Addictions and substance abuse in the LGBT community: New approaches. En R. Richard y S. Erik. LGBT Psychology and Mental Health: Emerging Research and Advances (pp. 153‐175). Praeger.
Watson, R. J., Park, M., Taylor, A. B., Fish, J. N., Corliss, H. L., Eisenberg, M. E. y Saewyc, E. M. (2020). Associations between community‐level LGBTQ‐supportive factors and substance use among sexual minority adolescents. LGBT Health, 7(2), 82‐89. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2019.0205
Watson, R. J., Lewis, N. M., Fish, J. N. y Goodenow, C. (2018). Sexual minority youth continue to smoke cigarettes earlier and more often than heterosexuals: Findings from population‐based data. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 184, 64‐70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.11.02
Williams, A. J., Jones, C., Arcelus, J., Townsend, E., Lazaridou, A. y Michail, M. (2021). A systematic review and meta-analysis of victimisation and mental health prevalence among LGBTQ+ young people with experiences of selfharm and suicide. PLoS ONE 16(1): e0245268. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245268
Wojdala, A., Molins, F. y Serrano, M. (2020). Estrés y drogadicción: Una perspectiva actualizada para 2020. Adicciones, 32(4), 239-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.1470
