Un enfoque conductual integrado para comprender los determinantes sociocognitivos y los perfiles de riesgo del consumo de cannabis en adolescentes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.1961Palabras clave:
cannabis, determinantes sociales para la salud, conducta del adolescente, promoción de la saludResumen
La experimentación con el cannabis suele comenzar en la adolescencia, y se relaciona con el desarrollo de trastornos mentales y con un consumo habitual en la edad adulta. El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender los determinantes y las trayectorias de consumo de cannabis en adolescentes. Se realizó un estudio longitudinal con 1.051 adolescentes de 14 a 18 años que completaron una encuesta inicial y otra a los 6 meses, basada en el Modelo I-Change. Se realizaron dos análisis de regresión transversales y uno longitudinal para identificar qué determinantes están asociados al consumo de cannabis. Finalmente, las cinco trayectorias de consumo de cannabis que se identificaron se compararon mediante ANOVA con comparaciones post hoc de Tukey. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que, a los 6 meses de seguimiento, 669 adolescentes permanecieron como no consumidores, mientras que 187 adolescentes iniciaron el consumo de cannabis: 121 experimentalmente y 66 regularmente. El análisis de datos reveló la influencia en el consumo de cannabis de tener pareja, de querer buscar sensaciones nuevas, de no estar convencido de las desventajas del consumo de cannabis, de la influencia de los pares de iguales, y de tener una intención positiva de consumir cannabis en el futuro. Al inicio del estudio, los no consumidores difirieron de los consumidores consistentes en las percepciones sobre los factores sociocognitivos, pero no difirieron de los nuevos consumidores. Al comparar estos factores a los 6 meses, el escenario cambió, siendo los nuevos consumidores quienes mostraron mayores percepciones sociocognitivas a favor del cannabis. Considerar los determinantes del consumo de cannabis desde un enfoque conductual integrado puede ser útil para desarrollar campañas de prevención, donde se proporcionen alternativas saludables a la búsqueda de sensaciones, reforzar una actitud negativa hacia el cannabis, incidir en la influencia de los pares de iguales y en la autoeficacia del adolescente ante situaciones/emociones de riego que inviten al consumo.Citas
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