Calidad del alcohol producido en Europa ilegalmente o de forma no regulada: resultados del proyecto AMPHORA

Dirk W. Lachenmeier, Jenny Leitz, Kerstin Schoeberl, Thomas Kuballa, Irene Straub, Jürgen Rehm

Resumen


Antecedentes. En la región europea de la OMS, el consumo promedio de etanol puro no registrado per cápita de los adultos en 2005 fue de 2,67 litros, lo cual representa el 22% del consumo total de 12,20 L. A pesar de la preocupación sobre los daños potenciales para la salud de la composición química del alcohol no registrado, hay sorprendentemente pocos datos sobre dicho problema en la Región Europea. Este estudio informa sobre los resultados del proyecto Alcohol Measures for Public Health Research Alliance (AMPHORA), que evaluaron la calidad de alcohol no registrado en un estudio a escala europea. Métodos. Se recogieron muestras de alcohol no registrado en 16 países europeos y se analizaron químicamente los parámetros de posible interés en relación con la salud. Los umbrales para los parámetros fueron definidos en base a los riesgos potenciales para la salud del consumo de alcohol que se hace en un día. Resultados. El promedio de la concentración alcohólica de los productos vitivinícolas no registrados fue de 14,9% y el de los destilados no registrados fue de 47,8%. La mitad de las muestras (n= 57) mostró la calidad del alcohol aceptable. La otra mitad (n= 58) mostró una o varias deficiencias, siendo el problema más frecuente la contaminación de carbamato de etilo (n= 29). Otros problemas incluyen la presencia de cobre (n= 20), manganeso (n= 16) y acetaldehído (n= 12). El resto de parámetros (incluyendo el metanol, alcoholes superiores, los ftalatos) sólo fue raras veces problemático (superar el límite fijado en menos de 10 muestras). El precio del alcohol no registrado fue de aproximadamente el 45% del precio del alcohol registrado. Conclusiones. El mayor problema del consumo de alcohol no registrado parece ser el etanol en sí mismo, ya que suele ser de mayor concentración y su bajo precio puede contribuir aún más a beber cantidades mayores. En comparación con los efectos del propio etanol, los problemas de contaminación detectados pueden ser de menor importancia. El consumo de contaminantes, incluso en el peor de los casos, supondrá escenarios de ingestas diarias tolerables de estas sustancias.


Palabras clave


alcoholic beverages; unrecorded alcohol; ethyl carbamate; copper; Europe; quality

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.156

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