Modelos animales de adicción a las drogas

María Pilar García Pardo, Concepción Roger Sánchez, José Enrique De la Rubia Ortí, María Asunción Aguilar Calpe

Resumen


El desarrollo de modelos animales de refuerzo y adicción a las drogas es imprescindible para el avance en el conocimiento de las bases biológicas de este trastorno y la identificación de nuevas dianas terapéuticas. En función del componente del refuerzo que deseemos estudiar podemos servirnos de un tipo de modelos animales u otros. Podemos utilizar modelos de refuerzo basados en el efecto hedónico primario que produce el consumo de la sustancia adictiva, como los modelos de autoadministración (AA) y autoestimulación eléctrica intracraneal (AEIC), o modelos basados en el componente relacionado con el aprendizaje asociativo y la capacidad cognitiva de realizar predicciones sobre la obtención del refuerzo en el futuro, como el modelo de condicionamiento de preferencia de lugar (CPL). En los últimos años los modelos han incorporado modificaciones metodológicas para incluir el estudio de los procesos de extinción, reinstauración y reconsolidación o para modelar aspectos concretos de la conducta adictiva como puede ser la motivación para consumir la droga, el consumo compulsivo o la búsqueda de la droga bajo situaciones de castigo. Otros modelos interrelacionan diferentes componentes del refuerzo o modelan la motivación voluntaria por consumir (modelos de “two-bottle choice” o “drinking in the dark”). En definitiva, las innovaciones en estos modelos contribuyen al avance en el conocimiento científico de los diferentes factores que llevan a tomar una droga y a desarrollar un consumo compulsivo, ofreciendo una vía para identificar futuros tratamientos para la adicción.

Palabras clave


Refuerzo; Adicción; Modelos animales; Drogas de abuso

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Referencias


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.862

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