Aplicaciones de las técnicas de neuroimagen en las conductas adictivas

J. Guardia Serecigni, L. Segura García, B. Gonzalbo Cirac

Resumen


Las técnicas de neuroimagen facilitan tanto el estudio funcional y estructural del cerebro, como la evaluación de los efectos que sobre el mismo producen los psicofármacos y las sustancias psicoactivas.

Las técnicas de imagen estructural, como la tomografía cerebral y la resonancia magnética estructural, han sido utilizadas para detectar cambios en el volumen tisular de la sustancia gris y blanca, tras el consumo excesivo y prolongado de alcohol, su relación con el envejecimiento y su reversibilidad con la abstinencia continuada.

Las técnicas de imagen funcional (PET, SPECT, resonancia magnética funcional y espectroscópica), permiten relacionar la actividad de algunas regiones del cerebro con la conducta. Mediante la utilización de radiofármacos, o drogas marcadas con isótopos radiactivos, se puede obtener información sobre las alteraciones funcionales de la neurotransmisión, que subyacen a determinados fenómenos como el efecto reforzador, el “craving”, la tolerancia al alcohol, la abstinencia, etc.

Las nuevas técnicas de neuroimagen podrían aportar un mayor conocimiento sobre los circuítos neuro-anatómicos y neuro-químicos, que modulan los efectos emocionales, cognitivos, motivacionales y reforzadores de las sustancias psicotrópicas. Todo ello podría resultar decisivo para el desarrollo de las neurociencias y también de una nueva farmacoterapia para las conductas adictivas.


Palabras clave


técnicas de neuroimagen; conductas adictivas; alcoholismo; resonancia magnética cerebral; tomografía por emisión de positrones (PET); tomografía por emisión de fotón simple (SPECT)

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.650

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