Patología psiquiátrica asociada al alcoholismo

M. Casas, José Guardia

Resumen


Los pacientes alcohólicos suelen presentar otros síndromes psiquiátricos asociados, sobretodo de ansiedad y depresión, que con frecuencia son trastornos inducidos o agravados por el propio consumo de alcohol y que tienden a mejorar en pocas semanas, cuando el paciente ha efectuado un tratamiento de desintoxicación y consigue mantenerse en remisión de su alcoholismo. Sin embargo, en ocasiones se trata de trastornos psiquiátricos independientes, que además del tratamiento del alcoholismo requieren un tratamiento específico. Se trata de la llamada patología dual, en la que concurren uno o varios trastornos psiquiátricos, asociados a la patología adictiva y en la que el alcoholismo suele estar asociado al abuso o dependencia de otras sustancias (cocaína, opiáceos, benzodiazepinas, etc.). El paciente alcohólico que presenta una patología psiquiátrica severa tiene un mayor riesgo de problemas psico-sociales, recaída y suicidio. Su tratamiento puede ser decisivo para evitar la agravación progresiva y un posible fatal desenlace. Dichos pacientes requieren un abordaje integrado de su patología dual, en una unidad especializada, con un seguimiento intensivo y durante un tiempo más prolongado, de lo habitual. El programa de intervención debería trabajar con la motivación del paciente para conseguir tanto su buena disposición hacia el abandono del consumo de sustancias, como la estabilización de su patología psiquiátrica (con la ayuda de farmacoterapia) y también el aprendizaje de estrategias de afrontamiento, orientadas hacia la prevención de recaídas.


Palabras clave


alcoholismo; patología dual; recaída; suicidio; tratamiento integrado

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.524

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