Cannabis y psicopatología comorbida

Manuel Quiroga Gallego

Resumen


El cannabis, droga ilegal más utilizada por los jóvenes y de las que más precozmente se empieza a consumir, presenta frecuentemente psicopatología comórbida. Con el cannabis se presentan episodios psicóticos en conciencia lúcida con pocas alteraciones formales del pensamiento, afectividad maniforme, conducta hostil, breve duración y reaparición siempre precedida por su consumo. Sin embargo, sigue en discusión si el cannabis es el detonante de la psicosis o una forma de automedicación de un trastorno psicótico primario. El uso reiterado desde muy joven de cannabis en sujetos genéticamente vulnerables, causa esquizofrenias cuyo primer episodio se presenta tras un año de consumo de THC, generalmente, antes de los 18 años, con más síntomas positivos y menos negativos que los esquizofrénicos no consumidores, con peor respuesta a los antipsicóticos y más recaídas en los siguientes 15 años. Esto parece ser debido a que en los esquizofrénicos se produce una alteración del sistema cannabinoide endógeno similar a la originada por la intoxicación cannábica en sujetos sanos. Consumir dosis altas de cannabis durante mucho tiempo conduce a un estado de pasividad e indiferencia caracterizado por disfunción generalizada de las capacidades cognitivas, interpersonales y sociales (llamado síndrome amotivacional) del que empieza a haber evidencias neuropsicológicas, morfológicas y funcionales.


Palabras clave


Cannabis; psicosis; esquizofrenia; patología dual

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Referencias


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.500

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