Consumo de cánnabis de los adolescentes y esquizofrenia: evidencias epidemiológicas y experimentales

Daniela Parolaro

Resumen


La marihuana es la droga ilegal mas utilizada entre los adolescentes. La mayoria de los usuarios comienzan ademas a experimentar con ella durante este periodo. La adolescencia es una etapa critica, que incluye no solo la maduracion reproductiva, sino tambien la cognitiva, emocional y social de maduracion. El cerebro del adolescente esta aun en transicion, difiriendo tanto anatomica como neuroquimicamente del adulto. El sistema endocannabinoide es un determinante importante para la maduracion cerebral, por lo que su importante estimulacion a traves del delta-9-tetrahidrocannabinol, que actua a traves del sistema endocannabinoide, podria conducir a cambios neurobiologicos sutiles pero duraderos, que pueden afectar las funciones cerebrales y el comportamiento incluso cuando ya es adulto. Resumimos las mas recientes investigaciones acerca de la exposicion de los adolescentes a los cannabinoides y el riesgo de trastornos psicoticos como la esquizofrenia, como se desprende de los estudios tanto humanos como animales. La evidencia epidemiologica sugiere que el consumo de cannabis es un factor de riesgo para la esquizofrenia, y contibuye a la exacerbacion de los sintomas y al empeoramiento del pronostico en individuos con predisposicion. Las caracteristicas del cerebro adolescente, probablemente lo hace mas vulnerable a los efectos del cannabis produciendo sintomas similares a los psicoticos y posiblemente causando la esquizofrenia.


Palabras clave


cannabis; adolescencia; psicosis; esquizofrenia; cerebro

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Referencias


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.178

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